Diamond Investments have been as gemstones since the ancient times. Popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of successful advertising in spite of a greatly increased supply. Diamonds are not normally as a mainline store of value during times of crisis, because of their lack of fungibility and low liquidity. However, they may still be useful during times of hyperinflation. Approximately 20% of mined diamonds are in jewelry and 80% for industrial uses. Chemical vapor deposition to produce synthetic diamonds, which, unlike diamond stimulants, inherit all the properties of gemstones formed in nature. There is no natural shortage of diamonds. Diamonds synthesize at much lower cost than the equivalent natural diamond price, and the chemical and structural purity of a synthetic diamond can exceed a natural one. However, the chemical composition is not the only factor that determines their value - the quality of the cut is of as much, if not greater, importance. Today a few funds are investing in diamonds. These funds purchase unique diamonds; each stone check by a few professionals and negotiated until the fund decides to purchase it. Then a marketing team goes into action and through an extensive work, the fund yield gain. Between 2007 and 2008, the price of a diamond from the top range of color, clarity, cut and carat went up by over 50%. Polished and rough diamonds lack some of the desirable attributes of investment vehicles, including liquidity, homogeneity and fungibility. Grading and certification by recognized laboratories goes some way to redressing this. Weight and cutting proportions are parameters precisely measured. Color and clarity grades are parameters, which need to be determined by gemologists. The increasing quality and size, and decreasing price, of synthetic diamonds also presents a threat to the value of polished diamonds as a long-term investment. The possibility of low-cost ultra–high-quality diamonds becoming available in industrial quantities at some time in the future is not an encouraging prospect for long-term investors in diamonds; however, synthetic diamonds manufactured since the 1950s and have yet to make a major impact on the market. A cautionary example of such a price fall caused by introduction of a new stimulant strongly undermining the prices of a natural gem was the permanent fall in natural pearl prices with the introduction of cultured pearls. The mechanism by which prices affected is complex. In part because of the social acceptability of wearing cultured pearls to much of the market, customers migrated from the natural to the lower priced cultured product. This altered the supply and demand situation for natural pearls and perhaps the overall prestige of pearls in general lowered. Where synthetic stones are less socially acceptable to the market for the natural version, arguably as with synthetic markets, natural and synthetic, are mostly separate, the prestige of the natural stones has been, with effort, retained. Thus, increased availability and lowered prices of synthetics may or may not have major implications for the future price of natural diamonds. In addition, the introduction of synthetic rubies in the late 19th Century did not appear to have a permanent effect on the price of natural rubies. There are several factors contributing to low liquidity of diamonds. One of the main is the lack of terminal market. Most commodities have terminal markets, and some form of commodities exchange, clearing house, and central storage facilities. Until recently, this did not exist for diamonds. Diamonds subject to value added tax in the UK, EU, and sales tax in most developed countries, therefore reducing their effectiveness as an investment medium. Most diamonds are through retail stores at very high profit margins. As diamonds in larger become increasingly rare and valuable, any easily visible and readily understood pricing system has been difficult to establish. The Rapaport Diamond Report is relatively expensive to subscribe to, and as such is not readily available to consumers and investors. Each week, there are matrices of diamond prices for round brilliant cut diamonds, by color and clarity within size bands, and also other shapes. The price matrix for brilliant cuts alone exceeds 1,400 entries, and even achieved only by grouping some grades together. There are considerable price shifts near the edges of the size bands, so a 0.49 carats (98 mg) stone may list at $5,500 per carat = $2,695, while a 0.50 carats (100 mg) stone of similar quality lists at $7,500 per carat = $3,750. This may appear such a large difference as to defy logic, but in reality, stones near the top of a size band tend to be up rated slightly. Some of the price jumps related to marketing and consumer expectations. A buyer expecting a 1 carat (200 mg) diamond solitaire engagement ring may be unprepared to accept a 0.99 carats (198 mg) diamond. There are numerous diamond-grading laboratories, and there is no easy way for investors, consumers, or even dealers to know the relative competence and integrity of each. Even the market-leading Gemological Institute of America (GIA) suffered embarrassment recently when a small number of large, important and valuable diamonds were over graded, resulting in legal action by one dealer against the dealer who had submitted them to the GIA for grading. A number of GIA employees left after the scandal emerged, and the GIA has changed a number of its procedures. There are also a number of laboratories affiliated to Jewelry Confederation. There must be commercial pressure on all labs to upgrade marginal stones or lose business to other labs that are prepared to reduce standards. The non-linear pricing of different sizes (weights) of diamonds means that it is not realistic to exchange. With commodities such as gold, it is clear that one twenty gram bar is worth the same as two ten gram bars, assuming the same quality. In most terminal markets, there needs to be a readily available standard quality, or limited number of qualities, available in sufficient quantity to be tradable. This is a major factor, which affects liquidity. The large number of variables in diamond quality makes commodity-like pricing difficult. There are fashion and marketing elements to take into consideration. De Beers expends marketing efforts to encourage sales of diamond sizes and qualities, which produced in relatively large quantities. They have to take steps to discourage investment, primarily because they perceive that bubble prices, which followed by sharp falls, are bad for long-term consumer confidence in diamonds as a long-term store of value. Diamonds are primarily a consumer item. The main positive investment parameter of diamonds is their high value per unit weight, which makes them easy to store and transport. A high quality diamond weighing as little as 2 or 3 grams could be worth as much as 100 kilos of gold. This extremely condensed value and portability does bestow diamonds as a form of emergency disaster fund. People and populations displaced by war or extreme upheaval have utilized this property successfully. The arguments given mean that it is almost certain that diamonds cannot commoditize sufficiently to allow efficient and liquid markets. This does not mean, however, that diamonds can never considered as investments. A speculator who was prepared to make a market in diamonds could use the very lack of liquidity itself. Any such investor would need to ensure that he maintained sufficient personal liquidity to avoid distress selling, except by others. Such an investor would need to expend effort to market his stock and to advertise his readiness to buy and would effectively become a trader rather than investor.

Job Of An Attorney

Once admitted to practice by the highest court of a state (a function sometimes administered by the state's bar association), an American attorney may file legal pleadings and argue cases in any state court (federal courts usually require separate admission), provide legal advice to clients, and draft important legal documents such as wills, trusts, deeds, and contracts.

In some states, real estate closings may be performed only by attorneys, even though the attorney's role in a closing may involve primarily notarization of documents and disbursement of settlement funds through an escrow account.

Practicing law includes interviewing a client to identify the legal question, analyzing the question, researching relevant law, devising legal solutions to problems, and executing such solutions through specific tasks such as drafting a contract or filing a motion with a court.

Most academic legal training is directed to identifying legal issues, researching facts and law, and arguing both the facts and law in favor of either side in any case.

For several years, law schools have sent through far more students than new job openings have become available. This has often lead to attorneys (once they pass the bar) seeking work in other occupations, either by choice or by the lack of employment opportunities. This has led to a market in legal temps or contract attorneys, where attorneys spend a certain period of time working on tasks such as discovery for a case.